Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) detects elements in either liquid or solid samples through the application of characteristic wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation from a light source. Individual elements will absorb at different wavelengths, and these absorbances are measured relative to standards.

Surface porosimeter (BET) is used to measure the surface area, pore size distribution and porosity of a material.

A bomb calorimeter is a laboratory instrument used to measure the heat of combustion of a substance.

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulphur (CHNS) analyser is a laboratory instrument designed to measure the percentage of Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), and Sulfur (S) in a sample.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a thermal analysis technique that measures how the physical properties of a sample change, along with temperature against time.

Spectrofluorometer (FL) is used to measures the intensity and wavelength distribution of fluorescent light emitted by a sample upon excitation.

Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FT-IR) identifies the vibrations of chemical bonds in molecules by producing an infrared absorption spectrum.

Gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) is an analytical technique that is used to separate and analyse mixtures consisting of volatile components.

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GCMS) is an analytical technique that combines the features of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify the volatile compounds within a sample.

High performance liquid chromatography diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) is used to separate and identify components in a mixture.

Ion chromatography (IC) is an analytical technique that is used to determine the presence and concentration of ionic components in liquid samples.

Inductive Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) is used for rapid and accurate multi-element analysis, especially for detecting and quantifying heavy metals, by measuring light emitted from atoms and ions in a plasma.

A microwave digester is a laboratory instrument used to prepare samples for chemical analysis by breaking them down (digesting) in a closed vessel with controlled heat and pressure using microwave energy.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a spectroscopy technique that utilises the magnetic field of atomic nuclei to study the molecular structure.

A potentiostat is an analytical instrument that controls the working electrode’s potential in a multiple-electrode electrochemical cell. The measuring electrodes can be very small, like microelectrodes in a conductive solution or a coated metal strips coupon in an acidic enviroment. A potentiostat can be used in electrochemistry and biochemistry, as well as in sensor development, corrosion, electrodeposition and battery research.

Thermal gravimetric analyser (TGA) is used for measuring the thermal stability of materials including polymers.

Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis is used to measure the amount of organic, or total carbon in water or soil samples.

Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) is a technique used to analyse the electronic structure and concentration of a compound that absorbs UV or visible light.

A UV–Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectrometer (UV-DRS) is an instrument used to study how a solid sample interacts with ultraviolet and visible light by measuring the light reflected (scattered + absorbed) from its surface rather than transmitted through it.